India's Space Journey: A Conversation with ISRO's Former Chief K Sivan

India's economy has surpassed $4.3 trillion, more than doubling in size over the last ten years and achieving a remarkable growth rate of 105%, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This growth trajectory positions India to potentially overtake Japan and become the fourth-largest economy globally by the third quarter of 2025, with Japan's GDP currently at $4.4 trillion. Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal labeled India's economic performance as "outstanding," emphasizing that the nation outpaced major economies such as China, the USA, and Germany. During Prime Minister Narendra Modi's tenure, India's GDP increased from $2.1 trillion in 2015 to its current figure. India has accelerated its growth, taking just four years to transition from a $3 trillion to a $4 trillion economy, a significant improvement compared to the lengthy periods of earlier decades. If current trends continue, analysts suggest that India could reach a staggering $10 trillion economy by the end of 2032.

Researchers have detected oxygen in the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0, located 13.4 billion light-years away, an announcement that could reshape our understanding of the early universe. This galaxy, first identified by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) last year, existed when the universe was merely 300 million years old. Using the ALMA radio telescope, astronomers from the Netherlands and Italy confirmed the presence of oxygen. According to the European Southern Observatory, this finding contradicts existing theories that the "Cosmic Dawn" period primarily consisted of light elements such as hydrogen and helium. Notably, JADES-GS-z14-0 contains ten times more heavy elements than previously expected. Sander Schouws from Leiden Observatory remarked that this discovery is akin to finding a teenager when only newborns were anticipated, suggesting rapid evolution in galaxies. Italian astrophysicist Stefano Carniani described the finding as "incredible," indicating a need for a reevaluation of how and when galaxies formed. Since JWST's operational launch in 2022, astronomers have increasingly observed that early-universe galaxies were more luminous and complex than historically believed.

Astronomers discovered traces of oxygen in the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0, located 13.4 billion light years from Earth, according to research conducted using the ALMA radio telescope. This finding, announced on March 21, 2025, contradicts prior scientific expectations and suggests that the galaxy contains ten times more heavy elements than initially predicted for its age. Identified by the James Webb Space Telescope in 2023, JADES-GS-z14-0 existed merely 300 million years after the Big Bang during the "Cosmic Dawn" era, a formative period in the universe's timeline. Sander Schouws of Leiden Observatory remarked that this discovery is akin to finding a teenager among expected newborns, indicating rapid star formation and evolution contradicted existing theories about early galaxies. Italian astrophysicist Stefano Carniani called the discovery "incredible," emphasizing the need for updated models regarding galaxy formation. These revelations contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that early galaxies were more advanced than previously thought, prompting a reevaluation of the timeline for cosmic evolution.