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A recent study by scientists at Nagoya University, Japan, suggests that Earth's ancient oceans were predominantly green for billions of years, largely due to the prevalence of cyanobacteria. The findings, published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, indicate that evolutionary pressures and the light absorption characteristics of early oceanic compounds contributed to this color shift.
The researchers found that the iron hydroxide in the oceans absorbed blue light, while red light was absorbed by water, creating a "green light window." Cyanobacteria, which photosynthesize using chlorophyll, reflect green light, resulting in a greenish hue being evident in these early oceans. Lead author Taro Matsuro highlighted that these conditions likely favored the growth of cyanobacteria with pigments that absorbed red and green light.
Interestingly, rising ocean temperatures leading to increases in phytoplankton populations have caused 56% of the oceans to turn green over the last 20 years, according to a 2023 follow-up study. Matthews noted that if current trends continue, the planets' oceans may revert to their historical green hue.