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Recent research has revealed the extensive ruins of Guiengola, a 15th-century Zapotec city in Oaxaca, Mexico, previously considered a mere fortress. Spanning 360 hectares, Guiengola is believed to have contained over 1,100 buildings, temples, and ballcourts, as well as defense walls stretching four kilometers. McGill University researcher Pedro Guillermo Ramón Celis led the investigation, utilizing lidar technology to penetrate dense vegetation and identify the site’s true scope, transforming the understanding of its significance from a military outpost to a sophisticated urban center.
Ramón Celis stated, “This discovery is key to understanding the politics and social structure of the Zapotec civilization right before European contact.” Guiengola displayed clear social stratification with distinct neighborhoods for elites and commoners. The ruins, which include well-preserved structures, provide a unique peek into life before significant cultural changes ushered in by Spanish colonization.
These findings were recently published in Ancient Mesoamerica, marking a pivotal moment in the study of Zapotec history.