Ahmad al-Sharaa Appointed As Syria's Interim President After Assad's Overthrow

Ahmed al-Sharaa, leader of the Islamist militia Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), has been appointed as the transitional president of Syria, according to an announcement by the Syrian rebel coalition on January 30, 2025. This shift marks a significant development following the removal of long-time dictator Bashar al-Asad in late December 2024. Al-Sharaa's role includes forming a provisional legislative council until a new constitution is adopted. The announcement was part of a nine-point declaration made during a "victory conference" by various rebel factions, which also called for the dissolution of Asad's government institutions, including the military and intelligence services. Despite this progress, the situation in Syria remains precarious, with lingering sectarian tensions and the uncertainty of long-term governance. Experts express skepticism regarding al-Sharaa's promises of inclusivity, noting his appointments primarily favor loyalists from Idlib. The Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) also maintain control over northeastern regions, complicating the political landscape. As Syria grapples with the implications of al-Sharaa's leadership, the international community remains cautious, particularly regarding sanctions.

In light of the recent political developments following the overthrow of Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad, the United Nations has projected a potential mass return of Syrian refugees currently residing abroad. Reports indicate that initial signs of repatriation are emerging, with significant numbers of individuals returning from two specific countries. However, returns from other nations have been minimal thus far. The ongoing civil conflict in Syria has displaced approximately six million people, many of whom have sought asylum in neighboring countries and beyond. As the situation in Syria evolves, international agencies are closely monitoring the dynamics of refugee movements and the conditions that might facilitate safe returns. Experts note that the complexities surrounding the refugee crisis require careful consideration of security, human rights, and socio-economic factors to ensure a sustainable reintegration process for returnees.

A recent analysis highlights that water scarcity poses a significant threat to societies in the Middle East, with over 60% of the population living in areas facing critical water shortages. According to the World Resource Institute, fourteen out of the thirty-three countries projected to face the most severe water stress by 2040 are situated in this region. The implications of water scarcity extend beyond mere shortage; researchers argue it fuels social and political unrest. The decline in water availability, exacerbated by rural-to-urban migration, has intensified tensions in countries like Syria, where limited water access links closely to broader issues of governance and economic stability. Contrary to popular belief, the notion that water scarcity will lead to inter-state wars is increasingly being challenged. Scholars suggest that evidence supporting the concept of "water wars" is lacking. Historical data shows that cooperation over water resources has been more prevalent than conflict, especially in shared river basins such as the Jordan River and the Euphrates-Tigris. While the potential for local conflicts over water access remains, experts advocate for a focus on the domestic impacts of water scarcity. Strengthening local water management and fostering cooperative agreements between countries are deemed essential strategies to alleviate the socio-economic vulnerabilities affected by water shortage. As the region prepares for future challenges, addressing the local dimensions of water issues may prove more critical than the inter-state competition narrative.